Ibha eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni iyibha ende, eyisicaba, eyindilinga yensimbi, evame ukukhiqizwa ngokugoqa okushisayo noma ukudweba okubandayo. Ububanzi bayo bukhulu kakhulu kunobukhulu bayo, okuyehlukanisa nebha eyisikwele noma eyindilinga. Igama elithi “insimbi yekhabhoni” libonisa ukuthi isici sayo esiyinhloko sokuxuba yikhabhoni, equkethe kuphela inani elincane lezinye izinto ezifana ne-manganese, i-silicon, ne-sulfur. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (kusukela phansi njengo-0.05% kuya ngaphezu kuka-1.0%) kuthinta ngqo ubulukhuni, amandla, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokushibilika kwebha yensimbi.
Ukugoqa okubandayo kuwukugoqa okwenziwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuphinda kusetshenziswe. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ekushiseni kwegumbi, yize ngezinye izikhathi insimbi ishiswa kancane ukuze kuncishiswe ubunzima bokucubungula, kodwa izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu kunezinga lokushisa lokushintsha elishisayo.
Ukugoqa okubandayo kuvame ukwenziwa ensimbini egoqekile eshisayo. Ngemva kokwelashwa kobuso njengokugoqa, insimbi egoqekile eshisayo ifakwa emshinini wokugoqa obandayo ukuze igoqeke. Ngesikhathi sokugoqa okubandayo, insimbi incishiswa kakhulu ngobukhulu futhi ukunemba kwayo kobukhulu kanye nekhwalithi yobuso kuthuthukiswa isenzo sokucindezelwa kwama-rolls ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukugoqa okubandayo kwenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuqina komsebenzi wensimbi kugqama kakhulu, kudinga ukuncishiswa okuphakathi kanye nokunye ukwelashwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuqina kwayo. Ngemva kokuqina komsebenzi, insimbi egoqekile ebandayo ibonisa amandla akhuphukile kakhulu, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kwehla kancane. Insimbi egoqekile ebandayo inikeza ikhwalithi ephezulu yobuso kanye nokunemba kobukhulu okunembe kakhudlwana, okwenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa okudinga ikhwalithi ephezulu yobuso kanye nokunemba kobukhulu.
Ukugoqa okushisayo kuyinqubo yokugoqa eyenziwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokuphinda kusetshenziswe. Iningi elikhulu lama-flat bars ensimbi yekhabhoni akhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa ukugoqa okushisayo. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa ngokuvamile liba ngu-1100℃ kuya ku-1250℃, lapho insimbi isesimweni sokushisa okuphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuyishintsha ibe yipulasitiki. Lezi zishibhile, zitholakala ngobukhulu obahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile kusukela ku-1/8 intshi kuya ku-4 intshi ubukhulu kanye nobubanzi obufika ku-12 intshi.
Okokuqala, i-billet yensimbi ishiswa ibe yizinga lokushisa eliphezulu, bese igoqwa izikhathi eziningi ochungechungeni lwemiqulu, kancane kancane kunciphisa ukujiya kwensimbi ngenkathi kulungiswa ukuma kwayo nobukhulu bayo. Ngesikhathi sokugoqwa okushisayo, isakhiwo esincane sensimbi siyashintsha; isakhiwo sokuqala esibunjiwe siguqulwa sibe yisakhiwo esigoqwa ngokushisa ngokugoqwa nangokuphola. Insimbi egoqwa ngokushisa ngokuvamile inobuso obuqinile futhi ingaba nezinsalela ezifana nesilinganiso se-iron oxide. Insimbi egoqwa ngokushisa inamandla aphansi kodwa i-plasticity engcono kanye nokuqina. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi insimbi idlula ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nokuphola okusheshayo ngesikhathi sokugoqwa okushisayo, okuholela ekwakheni i-microstructure efanayo kanye nokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuphansi.
Izakhiwo zomshini zezinsimbi ezisicaba zensimbi yekhabhoni zincike kokuqukethwe kwazo kwekhabhoni kanye nenqubo yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinsimbi ezisicaba zensimbi ezijwayelekile ezinekhabhoni ephansi (AISI 1018, ASTM A36) zinamandla okudonsa cishe angu-400–550 MPa, amandla okukhiqiza angaba ngu-250–350 MPa, kanye nokwelulwa lapho kuphuka okungu-20–25%. Zithambile, zithambile, futhi kulula ukuzishibiliza noma ukuzisebenzisa ngomshini. Insimbi enekhabhoni ephakathi (AISI 1045), ngemva kokuzijwayeza, ingafinyelela amandla okudonsa angu-570–700 MPa, kodwa ukushibilika kwayo kuyancipha. Insimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu (AISI 1095) ingaba namandla okudonsa angaphezu kuka-800 MPa, kodwa iyaqina ngaphandle kokuthi iphathwe ngokushisa.
Ngaphandle kwekhabhoni, ezinye izakhi nazo zidlala indima encane. I-Manganese (kufika ku-1.65%) yandisa amandla futhi isusa ama-oxide ensimbini. Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ne-sulfur kugcinwa kuphansi (kokubili kungaphansi kuka-0.05%) ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka okubandayo kanye nokuqhekeka okushisayo. Enye insimbi eyisicaba idlula enkambisweni yokugaya nokufaka uwoyela ukuze kususwe isikali sokugoqa futhi kuhlinzeke ngesivikelo sokugqwala kwesikhashana.
Enye yezindawo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngensimbi eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni yimboni yokwakha. Lezi zinsimbi eziyisicaba zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezingxenye zesakhiwo ezakhiweni, emabhulohweni, nakwamanye amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda. Amandla nokuqina kwazo kuzenza zilungele ukusekela imithwalo esindayo nokunikeza ukuzinza kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni ivame ukusetshenziswa ukwenza ozimele, izisekelo, kanye nama-bracket; ukuma kwayo okuyisicaba kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwemiklamo ehlukahlukene. Ukuguquguquka kwemikhiqizo yensimbi eyisicaba kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuthandwayo konjiniyela nabakhi bezakhiwo.
Ngaphandle kwemboni yokwakha, insimbi eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni nayo inezinhlelo eziningi embonini yezimoto nemishini. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye ezahlukene zezimoto, njenge-chassis, ama-axle, kanye nezinhlelo zokumiswa. Isilinganiso esiphakeme samandla nesisindo sensimbi eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni sivumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhe izingxenye ezilula kodwa eziqinile, ngaleyo ndlela bathuthukise ukusebenza kwezimoto kanye nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embonini yemishini, imikhiqizo yensimbi eyisicaba isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imishini namathuluzi, futhi ukuqina kwayo kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside.
Ukukhetha ibha eyisicaba yensimbi yekhabhoni efanele kudinga ukulinganisela izici eziningana: izakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini (amandla, ukuguquguquka, ubulukhuni), ukunemba kobukhulu, ukuqeda ubuso, izindawo ezigqwalisayo, izindlela zokucubungula (ukushisela, ukwenza imishini, ukugoba), kanye nemikhawulo yesabelomali. Ezinhlelweni eziningi ezijwayelekile zesakhiwo, ibha eyisicaba yensimbi eyisicaba ye-ASTM A36 egoqwe ngokushisa inikeza inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu ngokuya ngokutholakala, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezindleko. Ngemishayo enembile noma izinkombandlela zamathuluzi omshini, insimbi edonswa ngokubandayo engu-1018 noma engu-1045 iyindlela engcono. Ezingxenyeni ezigugile kakhulu njengezikrwela, insimbi enesicaba esiphezulu noma ibha eyisicaba ephathwe ngokushisa ingadingeka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-18-2026
